A similar thing happened in both Cairo, Egypt and in Ethiopia. Riots broke out in the Arab streets until justice was returned to the coffee drinking people. The course of history changes when the coffee bean spreads both east and west: East into India and Indonesia and West into Italy and onto the rest of Europe.
If a country wanted coffee beans, they purchased it from Yemen. The authorities liked it that way and did everything to ensure that nobody could take fertile beans out of their control and plant the trees themselves. Upon his return, Baba Budan smuggled some fertile beans back to India where he began coffee cultivation. These beans began a large scale coffee farming in Southern India which are still producing plants today.
Decades earlier, the Dutch had smuggled coffee plants from Yemen in an attempt to grow the beans in Holland, but due to the cold weather their cultivation scheme failed miserably. While multiple natural disasters wiped out their first attempts at coffee cultivation, in more seedlings were planted and coffee from Indonesia became a staple. Java becomes another household term for coffee. Coffee finally arrived in Venice in and quickly became quite popular.
Upon inspection, however, he gave in to the glory of the beverage, baptized it and declared it a Christian beverage. Much like the coffee houses of Arabia, these places became social hubs where one could engage in stimulating conversation and political debates. In England, these became known as penny universities. For the price of a cup of coffee you could learn all sorts of things as public conversations carried on. This shop would later be known as the Oxford Coffee Club where ideas and innovation were born and shared.
Coffee houses became the go-to place for English men. Women at the time were furious as their husbands were never home anymore, always drinking coffee and engaging in religious and political discussions. France was introduced to coffee in the 17th century — specifically in — by the Turkish Ambassador to Paris.
The Turks, who were attempting to invade the land, were shut down and left behind a surplus of coffee. The victorious officer opened the shop and popularized the practice of adding milk and sugar to coffee. Having already conquered Africa and the Indian Ocean nations and sweeping over Europe, the little beans were about to make their way even further west to conquer every nation touching the Atlantic Ocean.
In the early 18th century, the Dutch decided to extend their generosity in a way that would change the [coffee farming] world forever. The Mayor of Amsterdam gifted King Louis XIV of France a young coffee plant 4 in , although the Dutch could not cultivate coffee trees in Holland, they could keep them alive in special greenhouses. This plant was protected in the Royal Botanical Gardens of Paris.
Regardless, de Clieu took his clippings and set sail for the Caribbean, which happened to have the ideal coffee growing conditions. Water was scarce on the boat but he managed to keep the plant alive by giving it his own supply of water and often going thirsty himself.
Upon arriving on the island, he secretly planted it among other plants to keep it safe. Within 3 years coffee plantations spread throughout Martinique, St. Dominique and Guadalupe. These would be the plants that would eventually populate the rest of the Caribbean and Central and South America.
Within a short time, coffee was growing deep into the Blue Mountains , an exceptional growing area for coffee. With a Brazilian colonel by the name of Francisco de Melo Palheta. Francisco was sent to Guyana to settle a dispute between the Dutch and the French in His priority, however, was to get coffee and bring it back to Brazil, whatever the cost.
The Brazilian colonel requested coffee seedlings from the French Governor. When his request was refused, his seductive back up plan came into play. He took these clippings back to Brazil and started the largest coffee empire on the planet.
In , coffee from Brazil was taken to Kenya and Tanzania, close to the birthplace of coffee and cultivated in East Africa. The year was A group of patriots, many dressed as American Indians , snuck aboard English Tea ships sitting in the Boston harbour and dumped all of the tea into the ocean to rebel against the English tax on tea! Thus, tea became extremely unpatriotic and coffee replaced it as the American beverage of choice. Ever since then, the United States has been the leading importer of coffee 5 and continues to buy far more coffee than any other country.
Coffee was so central to Ottoman life, that if a wife could not brew good coffee made via the Turkish Coffee Method , it was suitable grounds for the man to divorce her. There were a few attempts by Muslim clergy to ban the drinking of coffee.
They feared that, like with wine, it would keep the religious adherents from being in their right mind. However, each time the ruling was overturned. Coffee was too good. One governor of Mecca even closed down all of the coffee houses he could, for they were a place where his political opposition would meet and spread ideas. After many riots, the Ottoman Sultan had him executed, and coffee houses restored.
With thousands of annual visitors to Mecca, and with coffee being so pervasive in society, it was only a matter of time before coffee spread beyond Africa and Arabia. When coffee found its way to The Republic of Venice, however, it became an unstoppable force.
In , coffee was a new product sold by streetside lemonade vendors. When he tasted the coffee himself, he quickly gave his approval and claimed it was a gift from above. By , coffee houses were all over Italy. Over the next 30 years, coffee became cultural staples in Austria, France, Germany England, and the rest of Europe. Coffee, even with its rapid growth over just a couple hundred years, was just getting started.
The Dutch loved drinking coffee, but they saw it as a large-scale business opportunity more quickly than the rest of Europe.
By , Dutch traders had taken coffee to Java, Indonesia, which became the second commercially available coffee in the world. Other countries saw the success of the Dutch and were quick to follow suit. With the power of slave labor, coffee grown in the New World became enormously profitable, causing it to spread into other areas of the Americas.
The abbot shared his discovery with the other monks at the monastery, and knowledge of the energizing berries began to spread. As word moved east and coffee reached the Arabian peninsula, it began a journey which would bring these beans across the globe.
Coffee cultivation and trade began on the Arabian Peninsula. By the 15th century, coffee was being grown in the Yemeni district of Arabia and by the 16th century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey. Coffee was not only enjoyed in homes, but also in the many public coffee houses — called qahveh khaneh — which began to appear in cities across the Near East.
The popularity of the coffee houses was unequaled and people frequented them for all kinds of social activity. Not only did the patrons drink coffee and engage in conversation, but they also listened to music, watched performers, played chess and kept current on the news. European travelers to the Near East brought back stories of an unusual dark black beverage.
By the 17th century, coffee had made its way to Europe and was becoming popular across the continent. He decided to taste the beverage for himself before making a decision, and found the drink so satisfying that he gave it papal approval.
Despite such controversy, coffee houses were quickly becoming centers of social activity and communication in the major cities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland. Coffee began to replace the common breakfast drink beverages of the time — beer and wine. Those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert and energized, and not surprisingly, the quality of their work was greatly improved.
We like to think of this a precursor to the modern office coffee service. By the midth century, there were over coffee houses in London, many of which attracted like-minded patrons, including merchants, shippers, brokers and artists.
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